Imyumvire imaze igihe ivuga ko abagore ari bo bagira impuhwe kurusha abagabo iracyagaragara mu muryango nyarwanda n’uw’Isi muri rusange. Abagore bakunze gufatwa nk’abanyempuhwe, mu gihe abagabo bo babonwa nk’abakomeye, badakwiye kugaragaza amarangamutima menshi.
Ariko se koko ibi bifite ishingiro rya siyansi, cyangwa ni imyemerere yubakiye ku muco no ku buryo turerwa?
Impuhwe ni iki?
Impuhwe (empathy) ni ubushobozi bwo kumva no gusobanukirwa amarangamutima n’ibitekerezo by’undi muntu, ndetse no kwishyira mu mwanya we.
Abashakashatsi bagaragaza ko impuhwe zigabanyijemo ibice bibiri:
- Impuhwe zishingiye ku bitekerezo (cognitive empathy): kumenya no gusobanukirwa icyo undi atekereza cyangwa yumva.
- Impuhwe zishingiye ku marangamutima (affective empathy): gusangira no kwitabira amarangamutima y’undi.
Mu bipimo byinshi bishingiye ku bibazo (questionnaires), abagore bakunze kubona amanota ari hejuru ho gato ugereranyije n’abagabo. Ibi byatumye bamwe batekereza ko ari imiterere kavukire.
Ese imisemburo ni yo ibitera?
Umushakashatsi Simon Baron-Cohen wo muri Kaminuza ya Cambridge yigeze gutanga igitekerezo cy’uko itandukaniro rishobora gushingira ku misemburo umwana ahura na yo akiri mu nda, cyane cyane ‘testosterone’.
Ubushakashatsi bwe bwagaragaje ko urugero rwinshi rwa testosterone rujyana n’ubushobozi bwo kwibanda ku “kubaka no gusesengura sisitemu” (systemising), kurusha ku mpuhwe.
Ariko abandi bashakashatsi barimo Gina Rippon bavuga ko igitekerezo cy’“ubwonko bw’umugore” n’“ubwonko bw’umugabo” gikabya ibintu, kuko ubwonko bw’umwana buterwa cyane n’ibidukikije n’uko arerwa.
Imyumvire: Ibidukikije bigira uruhare rukomeye
Ubushakashatsi bunini bwakorewe ku bantu barenga 46,000 bwagaragaje ko uturemangingo fatizo (genes) tugira uruhare ruto cyane – hafi 10% gusa – mu itandukaniro ry’impuhwe hagati y’abantu.
Umushakashatsi Varun Warrier yasobanuye ko ibi bisobanura ko ibidukikije, imico n’uburere bigira uruhare runini kurusha igitsina.
Kuva mu bwana, abakobwa bakunze gutozwa kugaragaza amarangamutima no kwita ku bandi, mu gihe abahungu bashishikarizwa kwihangana no kudatakaza amarangamutima.
Uko gukura muri iyo myumvire bishobora gutuma umuntu yigaragaza mu buryo butandukanye.
Ubushakashatsi bushya: Nta tandukaniro rinini
Isesengura rusange (meta-analysis) ryasohotse mu 2025 ryarebye ubushakashatsi 31 ku bana bato cyane.
Ryagaragaje ko nta tandukaniro rihambaye ryari hagati y’abakobwa n’abahungu mu kwita ku maso y’abandi cyangwa mu kwitabira amarangamutima y’abandi.
Ikindi kandi, mu bushakashatsi bwo mu 2023 ku mikorere y’ubwonko, abagabo n’abagore bagaragaje ibisubizo bisa iyo berekwaga amashusho agaragaza ububabare.
Icyatangaje ni uko igihe abagabo babwirwaga ko na bo bashobora kugira impuhwe, itandukaniro ry’amanota hagati yabo n’abagore ryahitaga rigabanuka cyane cyangwa rikazimira burundu.
Ibi byerekana ko ibyo twiteze ku muntu bitewe n’igitsina cye bishobora guhindura uko yitwara.
Impuhwe zirigishwa kandi zirakura
Umuhanga mu mikorere y’ubwonko Nathan Spreng avuga ko impuhwe atari impano idahinduka, ahubwo ari ubushobozi bushobora gutozwa no kunozwa mu buzima bwose.
Iyo umuntu afite ubushake bwo kumenya uko undi yiyumva, ashobora gukoresha amakuru atandukanye – imvugo, imyitwarire n’ubunararibonye – kugira ngo asobanukirwe neza.
Ingaruka z’imyumvire ku buzima
Gushyira impuhwe mu byiciro by’igitsina bigira ingaruka:
- Abagore bashobora gufatwa nk’abafite impuhwe ariko bakabura icyizere cyo kuyobora.
- Abagabo bashobora kumva ko kugaragaza amarangamutima ari intege nke, bigatuma bihererana ibibazo byabo.
Mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, kwigunga no kutagaragaza amarangamutima biri mu byongera ibyago byo kwiheba no kwiyahura, kandi imibare igaragaza ko abagabo ari bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane.
Umwanzuro: Impuhwe si iz’igitsina runaka
Siyansi igaragaza ko nubwo hari itandukaniro rito rigaragara mu bipimo bimwe, impuhwe atari impano yihariye y’abagore cyangwa abagabo.
Ni urusobe rw’ibintu birimo ibinyabuzima, imisemburo, imico, uburere n’ibidukikije. Kandi icy’ingenzi kurushaho: impuhwe ni ubushobozi bushobora kwigwa, gutozwa no gukura.
Bityo, aho kubaza niba abagore barusha abagabo impuhwe, ahari ikibazo gikwiye kubazwa ni iki: ni gute twafasha buri muntu, yaba umugabo cyangwa umugore, gukura mu mpuhwe no kuzishyira mu bikorwa?
